Watching other people suffer and die, or inflicting pain onto others is an essential part of human nature. It is part of out instinct, part of what fuelled our progress and evolution. Second only to the desire to reproduce."
Tuesday, 10 May 2011
suffering - created
Watching other people suffer and die, or inflicting pain onto others is an essential part of human nature. It is part of out instinct, part of what fuelled our progress and evolution. Second only to the desire to reproduce."
Future Blogs
Drafts for future blogs
* suffering
* If your opinion is humble, why should I care about it?
* Tough-Guys
* British Drivers
* Acronyms
* Language curiosities
* Revolutions
Ideas for future blogs
* why I dont want children (or support birthcontrol)
* positive things in Britain:
* bricks are used to build houses in England
* Churches are not maintained by the taxpayers money
* thus some of those church buildings are used for productive purposes
* natur…"
Future Blogs
Drafts for future blogs
* suffering
* If your opinion is humble, why should I care about it?
* Tough-Guys
* British Drivers
* Acronyms
* Language curiosities
* Revolutions
Ideas for future blogs
* why I dont want children (or support birthcontrol)
* positive things in Britain:
* bricks are used to build houses in England
* Churches are not maintained by the taxpayers money
* thus some of those church buildings are used for productive purposes
* natur…"
Joey Roth and His Furry Mouse
I’m for real. Designer Joey Roth made a Felt Mouse. I first heard about it last year and instantly loved the idea. It isn’t until now that Joey is showing the world the first prototype. It took that long to overcome the limitations of felt but from the looks of it, this prototype is pretty much ready for production. I LOVE Joey’s disciplined execution of minimalism. See it May 13th in the “USE ME” exhibit by the American Design Club which coincides with this year’s ICFF show in New York.
Designer: Joey Roth
----------
Yanko Design
Timeless Designs - Explore wonderful concepts from around the world!
Yanko Design Store - We are about more than just concepts. See what's hot at the YD Store!
Be Your Own Radio Station
The Siara is an amazing concept that lets you broadcast your own radio station. Stream your private station using 3rd parties services like SONOS or with the Siara box. The possibilities are really endless since it all works wirelessly. Hit the jump to see a video about one scenario. Kudos to designer Navid Gornall.
Designer: Navid Gornall
SIARA from Navid Gornall on Vimeo.
----------
Yanko Design
Timeless Designs - Explore wonderful concepts from around the world!
Yanko Design Store - We are about more than just concepts. See what's hot at the YD Store!
Beautiful Vinyl Figures, noop and nism
Executing another exhibition style piece in vinyl, Coarse brings their latest figure series, “Casting Shadows” to light. It includes an original sculpture of Coarse character, noop, huddled and his new shellbound pet, nism. noop clings to a fabric kite reminiscent of a long time friend, paw!, which soars above casting his shadow onto the two characters. We’re not much for vinyl figures here but this is really beautiful. We just had to share it with you guys. Hit the jump for the full story.
“Haunted by the memories of a lost friendship, noop struggles to continue lost and helpless. His new companion, nism puts on his best face to try and cheer up noop but his efforts are futile. The sun comes out and eclipses the hovering paw! kite, casting them into total blackness. A mystical moment, that could uplift the two beings from their loneliness but how will they interpret this strange happening?”
Slide open the heavy hand crafted cardboard box by pulling at the woven ‘noop’ and ‘nism’ tags. Uncover the box contents — two vinyl figures, the longing nism [4''] and huddled noop [7'']. Set up the fabric paw! kite, and let the noop hold the string tight in his hand. The paw! kite will float high in the sky [14''], casting his shadow onto the two torn friends. A set of c-o-a-r-s-e typographic leaves complete this scenery, full of desperation.
casting shadows
loser — hkg edition
[limited to 200 pcs]
HK$ 2488
Price includes global airmail shipping
On sale May 3, 2011 — exclusively at www.coarsehkg.com
Designer: Coarse
----------
Yanko Design
Timeless Designs - Explore wonderful concepts from around the world!
Yanko Design Store - We are about more than just concepts. See what's hot at the YD Store!
Wiktionary talk:Votes/pl-2010-12/Attestation of extinct languages
Integration with Attestation section: new section
← Older revision | Revision as of 09:02, 10 May 2011 | ||
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Should we add some sort of restriction that the cite can't be recent? Like, Gothic is classified as "extinct", but that doesn't prevent me from writing a book in it; and if I were to do so, we shouldn't automatically include any words that I would be forced to reconstruct and/or invent. (Arguably, since Gothic is extinct and I am alive, a book that I wrote in Gothic would not ''actually'' be in Gothic; but we don't have a general practice of excluding non-native speaker cites.) —[[User: Ruakh |Ruakh]]<sub ><small ><i >[[User talk: Ruakh |TALK]]</i ></small ></sub > 19:23, 9 May 2011 (UTC) | Should we add some sort of restriction that the cite can't be recent? Like, Gothic is classified as "extinct", but that doesn't prevent me from writing a book in it; and if I were to do so, we shouldn't automatically include any words that I would be forced to reconstruct and/or invent. (Arguably, since Gothic is extinct and I am alive, a book that I wrote in Gothic would not ''actually'' be in Gothic; but we don't have a general practice of excluding non-native speaker cites.) —[[User: Ruakh |Ruakh]]<sub ><small ><i >[[User talk: Ruakh |TALK]]</i ></small ></sub > 19:23, 9 May 2011 (UTC) | ||
:An interesting thought. Maybe the 'contemporary' restriction should encompass the whole paragraph. -- [[User:Prince Kassad|Prince Kassad]] 19:41, 9 May 2011 (UTC) | :An interesting thought. Maybe the 'contemporary' restriction should encompass the whole paragraph. -- [[User:Prince Kassad|Prince Kassad]] 19:41, 9 May 2011 (UTC) | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Integration with Attestation section == | ||
+ | |||
+ | This needs to be integrated with [[WT:CFI#Attestation]] section. One option is to add this bullet point to attestation section: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div style = "border:0 solid #990;border-width:0 0 1px 2px;margin:1em;padding:0 0 1em 1em">(a) "Single usage or mention in contemporary sources for a term of an extinct language"</div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | That is more lenient than the following bullet, which excludes mentions from dictionaries and other mentions, and adds the requirement for permanently recorded media: | ||
+ | <div style = "border:0 solid #990;border-width:0 0 1px 2px;margin:1em;padding:0 0 1em 1em">(b) "Single usage in permanently recorded media, conveying meaning, for a term of an extinct language"</div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | For context, this is the wording of the 3-quotations bullet point: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div style = "border:0 solid #990;border-width:0 0 1px 2px;margin:1em;padding:0 0 1em 1em">"Usage in permanently recorded media, conveying meaning, in at least three independent instances spanning at least a year."</div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The point (a) can be formulated as two points, for better clarity via avoidance of disjunctive bullets: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div style = "border:0 solid #990;border-width:0 0 1px 2px;margin:1em;padding:0 0 1em 1em"> | ||
+ | (c) 'Single usage for a term of an extinct language' | ||
+ | |||
+ | (d) "Single mention in contemporary sources for a term of an extinct language"</div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] 09:02, 10 May 2011 (UTC) |
توتر
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===Etymology=== | ===Etymology=== | ||
- | From the root {{ar-root-entry|و|ت|ر}} | + | From the root {{ar-root-entry|و|ت|ر|nocat=1}} |
===Noun=== | ===Noun=== |
توقيف
← Older revision | Revision as of 09:25, 10 May 2011 | ||
Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
===Etymology=== | ===Etymology=== | ||
- | From the root {{ar-root-entry|و|ق|ف}}. | + | From the root {{ar-root-entry|و|ق|ف|nocat=1}}. |
===Noun=== | ===Noun=== |
Process Hacker 2.15
Process Hacker 2.15
Process Hacker 2.15 | 1.60 Mb
Process Hacker is a feature-packed tool for manipulating processes and services on your computer. It can show you the threads (with symbols), modules, memory regions, handles and token of processes. It has detailed graphs that show CPU usage, memory usage and I/O activity. It can even change the DEP status of some processes and protect/unprotect them! It can read/write memory using a built-in hex editor and search through memory. It has a powerful run-as tool that can run programs as almost any user, including System, Local Service and Network Service. Finally, its kernel-mode driver enables Process Hacker to show information for any process, even if it is protected by a rootkit.
"
Trillian Astra 5.0.0.32 Final
Trillian Astra 5.0.0.32 Final
Trillian Astra 5.0.0.32 Final | Windows | 12.5 Mb
Trillian™ is a fully featured, stand-alone, skinnable chat client that supports AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo Messenger, and IRC. It provides capabilities not possible with original network clients, while supporting standard features such as audio chat, file transfers, group chats, chat rooms, buddy icons, multiple simultaneous connections to the same network, server-side contact importing, typing notification, direct connection (AIM), proxy support, encrypted messaging (AIM/ICQ), SMS support, and privacy settings. Trillian provides unique functionality such as contact message history, a powerful skinning language, tabbed messaging, global status changes (set all networks away at once), Instant Lookup (automatic Wikipedia integration), contact alerts, an advanced automation system to trigger events based on anything happening in the client, docking, hundreds of emoticons, emotisounds, shell extensions for file transfers, and systray notifications.
"
IDM UltraEdit 17.0.0.1041
IDM UltraEdit 17.0.0.1041
IDM UltraEdit 17.0.0.1041 | 23.2 Mb
Replacing Notepad or looking for a powerful text/programmer's editor? UltraEdit is the ideal editor. With over 1,000,000 users worldwide, UltraEdit is the #1 selling, most powerful, value priced text editor available! UltraEdit is versatile and easy to use. UltraEdit is a disk-based editor for Windows, and supports 64-bit file handling (standard) on all 32-bit Windows platforms. Edit/Convert files in DOS, MAC, UNIX, UTF-8, Unicode, and EBCDIC formats. UltraEdit includes FTP and SFTP(SSH2) support, Macros, Editing of files up to 4 GB, Syntax Highlighting for 100's of languages, and more. UltraEdit is considered by many the defacto standard in text editors.
"
DVDFab v8.0.9.0 (Qt) Final
DVDFab v8.0.9.0 (Qt) Final
DVDFab v8.0.9.0 (Qt) Final | 18 Mb
DVDFab is the most powerful and flexible DVD copying/burning software. With 8 copy modes, you can back up any DVD to DVDR in just a few clicks. DVDFab is brand new, is completely rewritten, is based on more than 8 years of DVD copy software development.
DVDFab is simply the easiest way to copy a DVD movie. Just insert the movie and a blank DVD then press Start. Your entire movie (including menus, trailers and special features) is copied to a single DVD with just one click and everything happens automatically. Backup your entire DVD (including menus, trailers and special features) onto one or multiple discs.
"
cFosSpeed 6.51 Build 1851 Beta (x86/x64)
cFosSpeed 6.51 Build 1851 Beta (x86/x64)
cFosSpeed 6.51 Build 1851 Beta (x86/x64) | 8.77 Mb
cFosSpeed - The Internet Accelerator
cFosSpeed is a network driver, which attaches itself to existing Internet connections. It then optimizes data transfer by means of Traffic Shaping. Traffic Shaping is a method for optimizing the Internet traffic. It allows maximum speed while ensuring minimal Ping. You can use cFosSpeed with a router and/or a DSL-modem or cable-modem. You can also use cFosSpeed with other types of Internet access, ie. whenever you already have an existing Internet connection. cFosSpeed supports a wide variety of connections, like DSL, cable, ISDN, UMTS, etc.
cFosSpeed increases your throughput and reduces your Ping.
"
Google Chrome 12.0.742.30 Beta
Google Chrome 12.0.742.30 Beta
Google Chrome 12.0.742.30 Beta | 21.2 Mb
Google Chrome is a browser that combines a minimal design with sophisticated technology to make the web faster, safer, and easier. Google Chrome also uses a brand new javascript engine (V8), which is much faster than existing javascript interpreters. This means you can create more complex and more intensive AJAX applications with fewer speed and processing constraints. Finally, Google Chrome is built on top of WebKit, so Google Chrome users will benefit from the CSS3 features being added to WebKit as those features are released.
"
Videohive Dynamo Logo
Adobe After Effects 7.0, CS3, CS4 | Preview: JPG, FLV, AVI | rar 419.7 Mb
Videohive Disc Logo Intro
Adobe After Effects 7.0, CS3, CS4 | Preview: JPG, FLV, AVI | rar 84 Mb
Realtek High Definition Audio Driver R2.60
Realtek High Definition Audio Driver R2.60
Realtek High Definition Audio Driver R2.60 | 112 Mb
This download contains the latest audio drivers, software and utilities for the Realtek high definition audio controllers. It contains all driver files and the control center for Realtek HD-Audio devices for Windows 2000, XP, Vista and Windows 7. The downloads are fully compatible with 32 bit and 64 bit binaries.
"
Windows Loader v2.0.1-DAZ
Windows Loader v2.0.1-DAZ
Windows Loader v2.0.1-DAZ | 1.45 Mb
This is the loader application that's used by millions of people worldwide, well known for passing Microsoft's WAT (Windows Activation Technologies) and is arguably the safest Windows activation exploit ever created. The application itself injects a SLIC (System Licensed Internal Code) into your system before Windows boots; this is what fools Windows into thinking it's genuine.
"
Collection Bakcground PSD
24 PSD | 4992x3320 | rar 2.63 Gb
Respire (2011/ENG) DVDRIP Xvid AC3-mtyy
Respire (2011/ENG) DVDRIP Xvid AC3-mtyy
Language: English | DVDRIP Xvid AC3-mtyy | AVI | 2195 Kbps | 720 x 400 24 fps | AC3 448 Kbps | 1h 31mn | 1.40 GB
Genres: Horror | Thriller
The Ancient Romans believed that the soul escaped ones body with the last breath. It was believed that last breath held the power to cure disease and prolong life...
"
Advertising posters - Car
17 PSD | 1620x1181 5906x3497 | 300 dpi | rar 716 mb
scandio
← Older revision | Revision as of 08:14, 10 May 2011 | ||
Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
- | '''scandio''' ''m'' | + | {{it-noun|scand|m|io|i}} |
# [[scandium]] | # [[scandium]] |
nichel
← Older revision | Revision as of 08:15, 10 May 2011 | ||
Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
- | '''nichel''' ''m'' | + | {{infl|it|noun}} {{m|inv}} |
# [[nickel]] | # [[nickel]] |
фелляция
Russian:
← Older revision | Revision as of 08:16, 10 May 2011 | ||
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===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
- | {{ru-noun|tr=felljacija|g=f|a=i|pl=-}} | + | {{ru-noun|tr=felljácija|g=f|a=i|pl=-}} |
# [[fellatio]] | # [[fellatio]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Declension==== | ||
+ | {{ru-noun-inan-ия-1|фелляци|фелля́ци}} | ||
====Synonyms==== | ====Synonyms==== |
itterbio
← Older revision | Revision as of 08:16, 10 May 2011 | ||
Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
- | '''itterbio''' ''m'' | + | {{it-noun|itterb|m|io|i}} |
# [[ytterbium]] | # [[ytterbium]] |
Source : Google Reader
mythological
← Older revision | Revision as of 08:17, 10 May 2011 | ||
(One intermediate revision by one user not shown) | |||
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{{trans-top|of, or relating to myths or mythology}} | {{trans-top|of, or relating to myths or mythology}} | ||
* Croatian: {{t-|hr|mitološki|alt=mitòloškī}} | * Croatian: {{t-|hr|mitološki|alt=mitòloškī}} | ||
+ | * Czech: {{t|cs|mytologický}}, {{t|cs|a}} | ||
* German: [[mythologisch]], [[mythisch]] | * German: [[mythologisch]], [[mythisch]] | ||
- | * Irish: {{t-|ga|miotaseolaíoch|xs=Irish}} | ||
{{trans-mid}} | {{trans-mid}} | ||
+ | * Irish: {{t-|ga|miotaseolaíoch|xs=Irish}} | ||
* Maltese: {{t|mt|mitoloġiku|xs=Maltese}} | * Maltese: {{t|mt|mitoloġiku|xs=Maltese}} | ||
* Romanian: {{t|ro|mitologic|m|n}}, {{t|ro|mitologică|f}}, {{t|ro|mitic|m|n}} | * Romanian: {{t|ro|mitologic|m|n}}, {{t|ro|mitologică|f}}, {{t|ro|mitic|m|n}} |
фелляция
Declension:
← Older revision | Revision as of 08:17, 10 May 2011 | ||
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====Declension==== | ====Declension==== | ||
- | {{ru-noun-inan-ия-1|фелляци|фелля́ци}} | + | {{ru-noun-inan-ия-1-unc|фелляци|фелля́ци}} |
====Synonyms==== | ====Synonyms==== |
ittrio
← Older revision | Revision as of 08:17, 10 May 2011 | ||
Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
- | '''ittrio''' ''m'' | + | {{it-noun|ittr|m|io|i}} |
# [[yttrium]] | # [[yttrium]] |
VA - Kamasutra Hits (2006) FLAC
VA - Kamasutra Hits (2006) FLAC
1CD | Release: 2006 | EAC Rip | FLAC(tracks+cue+log) | No Cover | 470,93 MB
Genre: New Age
Jimmy Herring – Lifeboat (2008)
Jimmy Herring – Lifeboat (2008)
10 tracks | Genre: Jazz Rock/Fusion | Release: 2008 | MP3 320 kbps | 148 MB
Android apk Mega Pak 1100+ Apps
Android apk Mega Pak 1100+ Apps | 1.90 GB
Marine Sharpshooter 2: Jungle Warfare (PC/ENG)
Marine Sharpshooter 2: Jungle Warfare (PC/ENG)
PC game | English | Publisher: Groove Games | 666 MB
Genre: Modern First-Person Shooter
"
G-Force (2009/PC/ENG/ViTALiTY)
G-Force (2009/PC/ENG/ViTALiTY)
Year: 2009 l Platform: PC l Language: English l Developer: Eurocom Ent. l Publisher: Disney Interactive l 2.18 GB
Genre: Action (Shooter) / 3D / 3rd Person
The G-Force, a group of highly-trained covert guinea pig spy agents, is the only team that can save the world from an evil billionaire and his army of robot appliances. Based on the 2009 Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films movie, G-Force is an action-packed platformer that puts you in control of Darwin, the G-Force team leader, and his housefly surveillance sidekick Mooch. Use awesome high-tech gadgets and stealth strategy as you team up with the other G-Force agents to complete your exciting mission.
"
Super Meat Boy Incl Update 14 RIP - Unleashed
Super Meat Boy Incl Update 14 RIP - Unleashed
PC Games | English | Team Meat | 150 Mb
Genre: Platformer
"
Portal 2 Update 4 and 5 - SKIDROW
Portal 2 Update 4 and 5 - SKIDROW
PC Games | ENG | Developer: Valve Software | Publisher: Valve Software | 48 Mb
Genre: Logic (Puzzle) / 3D / 1st Person
"
Dead Meets Lead (PC/ENG)
Dead Meets Lead (PC/ENG)
Release Date: May 3, 2011 | Developer\Publisher: Keldyn Interactive | PC | EXE | 260 MB
Language: English
Genre: Action Adventure, Horror
"
Battle Realms (2002/PC/ENG/RUS) R.G.Old Fart
Battle Realms (2002/PC/ENG/RUS) R.G.Old Fart
2002 | PC | ISO | English | Developer: Liquid and Crave | Publisher: Ubi Soft | 567 MB
Genre: Strategy (Real-time) / 3D
Battle Realms - the action takes place in a fantasy Japan, the war-torn between the four clans. Wolf Clan - red-haired barbarians, who worship nature. Lotus Clan - an unhealthy type of people who have devoted themselves to the study of black magic. Snake Clan - bunch of bandits who, nonetheless, highly respected firearms. And finally, the Dragon Clan - the most traditional Japanese sumo wrestlers if gunners and geisha-healer can be attributed to this category.
"
Rhem 4 The Golden Fragments (PC/ENG)
Rhem 4 The Golden Fragments (PC/ENG)
Platform: PC | Language: English | Developer: WHA 2 Entertainment | 748 MB
Genre: Adventure
"
3D World Magazine - June 2011 (UK)
3D World Magazine - June 2011 (UK)
English | True PDF | 116 pages | 49.6 Mb
"
Wiktionary:Transwiki log
Imports April 2011:
← Older revision | Revision as of 04:29, 10 May 2011 | ||
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# [[w:Contempt of Congress]] → [[Transwiki:Contempt of Congress]] —'''[[User:Internoob|Internoob]]''' ([[User talk:Internoob|Disc]]•[[Special:Contributions/Internoob|Cont]]) 23:09, 8 April 2011 (UTC) → [[contempt of Congress]] | # [[w:Contempt of Congress]] → [[Transwiki:Contempt of Congress]] —'''[[User:Internoob|Internoob]]''' ([[User talk:Internoob|Disc]]•[[Special:Contributions/Internoob|Cont]]) 23:09, 8 April 2011 (UTC) → [[contempt of Congress]] | ||
# [[w:Planned obsolescence]] → [[Transwiki:Planned obsolescence]] —'''[[User:Internoob|Internoob]]''' ([[User talk:Internoob|Disc]]•[[Special:Contributions/Internoob|Cont]]) 20:23, 10 April 2011 (UTC) → [[planned obsolescence]] | # [[w:Planned obsolescence]] → [[Transwiki:Planned obsolescence]] —'''[[User:Internoob|Internoob]]''' ([[User talk:Internoob|Disc]]•[[Special:Contributions/Internoob|Cont]]) 20:23, 10 April 2011 (UTC) → [[planned obsolescence]] | ||
- | # [[w:Floating tone]] → [[Transwiki:Floating tone]] —'''[[User:Internoob|Internoob]]''' ([[User talk:Internoob|Disc]]•[[Special:Contributions/Internoob|Cont]]) 18:13, 24 April 2011 (UTC) | + | # [[w:Floating tone]] → [[Transwiki:Floating tone]] —'''[[User:Internoob|Internoob]]''' ([[User talk:Internoob|Disc]]•[[Special:Contributions/Internoob|Cont]]) 18:13, 24 April 2011 (UTC) Deleted sum of parts |
# [[w:Debuccalization]] → [[Transwiki:Debuccalization]] —'''[[User:Internoob|Internoob]]''' ([[User talk:Internoob|Disc]]•[[Special:Contributions/Internoob|Cont]]) 18:13, 24 April 2011 (UTC) → [[debuccalization]] | # [[w:Debuccalization]] → [[Transwiki:Debuccalization]] —'''[[User:Internoob|Internoob]]''' ([[User talk:Internoob|Disc]]•[[Special:Contributions/Internoob|Cont]]) 18:13, 24 April 2011 (UTC) → [[debuccalization]] |
Transwiki:C-command
Etymology:
← Older revision | Revision as of 04:34, 10 May 2011 | ||
(One intermediate revision by one user not shown) | |||
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
- | The term 'c-command' was introduced by Reinhart in her 1976 [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] dissertation (p. 32),{{fact|date=February 2010}} and is a shortened form of "[[constituent (linguistics)|constituent]] command.' Reinhart herself thanks [[Nick Clements]] for suggesting both the term and its abbreviation. As discussed by [[Andrew Carnie]],<ref name="Carnie etym">{{quote-book | + | The term 'c-command' was introduced by {{w|Tanya Reinhart}} in her 1976 [[MIT]] dissertation (p. 32),{{fact|date=February 2010}} and is a shortened form of "[[constituent]] command." Reinhart herself thanks {{w|Nick Clements}} for suggesting both the term and its abbreviation. As discussed by {{w|Andrew Carnie}},<ref name="Carnie etym">{{quote-book |
| last = Carnie | | last = Carnie | ||
| first = Andrew | | first = Andrew | ||
Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
| location = Oxford | | location = Oxford | ||
| year = 2002 | | year = 2002 | ||
- | }}</ref> the term "c-command" may also have been chosen so as to contrast with the similar notion ''kommand'' (often read as 'k-command'), proposed by [[Howard Lasnik]] in 1976.<ref name="k-command">{{cite web | + | }}</ref> the term "c-command" may also have been chosen so as to contrast with the similar notion {{term|kommand}} (often read as 'k-command'), proposed by {{w|Howard Lasnik}} in 1976.<ref name="k-command">{{cite web |
| url = http://web.mit.edu/ekeshet/www/Papers/phase.pdf | | url = http://web.mit.edu/ekeshet/www/Papers/phase.pdf | ||
| last = Keshet | | last = Keshet |
rehabilitation
Translations:
← Older revision | Revision as of 04:45, 10 May 2011 | ||
(2 intermediate revisions by one user not shown) | |||
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====Translations==== | ====Translations==== | ||
{{trans-top|process}} | {{trans-top|process}} | ||
+ | * Chinese: | ||
+ | *: Mandarin: {{t|zh|复原|tr=fùyuán|sc=Hani}}, {{t|zh|康复|tr=kāngfù|sc=Hani}} {{i|only of health}} | ||
* Finnish: {{t-|fi|kuntoutus}}, {{t-|fi|kuntouttaminen}} | * Finnish: {{t-|fi|kuntoutus}}, {{t-|fi|kuntouttaminen}} | ||
{{trans-mid}} | {{trans-mid}} | ||
+ | * French: {{t|fr|réhabilitation|f}} | ||
+ | * German: {{t|de|Rehabilitation|f}} | ||
+ | * Russian: {{t|ru|реабилитация|f|tr=reabilitácija|sc=Cyrl}} | ||
{{trans-bottom}} | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
rehabilitate
t+de:rehabilitieren t-balance t+fr:réhabiliter t+es:rehabilitar (Assisted)
← Older revision | Revision as of 04:49, 10 May 2011 | ||
(One intermediate revision by one user not shown) | |||
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# {{transitive}} To return (someone) to good health after illness, addiction etc. {{defdate|from 19th c.}} | # {{transitive}} To return (someone) to good health after illness, addiction etc. {{defdate|from 19th c.}} | ||
# {{intransitive}} To go through such a process; to [[recover]]. {{defdate|from 20th c.}} | # {{intransitive}} To go through such a process; to [[recover]]. {{defdate|from 20th c.}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Translations==== | ||
+ | {{trans-top|to restore (someone) to their former state, reputation, possessions, status etc.}} | ||
+ | * French: {{t|fr|réhabiliter}} | ||
+ | * German: {{t|de|rehabilitieren}} | ||
+ | {{trans-mid}} | ||
+ | * Russian: {{t|ru|реабилитировать|tr=reabilitírovat'|sc=Cyrl}} {{impf}} / {{pf}} | ||
+ | * Spanish: {{t|es|rehabilitar}} | ||
+ | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
====Quotations==== | ====Quotations==== |
Transwiki:C-command
Undo revision 13075895 by Internoob (talk)
← Older revision | Revision as of 04:50, 10 May 2011 | ||
(2 intermediate revisions by one user not shown) | |||
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- | In [[syntax]], '''c-command''' is a relationship between nodes in [[parse tree]]s. Originally defined by [[Tanya Reinhart]] (1976, 1983),<ref> | + | ==English== |
- | See also [[Howard Lasnik]] (1975) and [[Noam Chomsky]] (1981).</ref> | ||
- | it corresponds to the idea of 'siblings and all their descendants' in [[family tree]]s. | ||
- | ==Definition and Example== | + | ===Etymology=== |
- | [[File:C-command.png|right|thumb|A simple syntax tree.]] | + | Introduced by {{w|Tanya Reinhart}} in her 1976 [[MIT]] dissertation (p. 32),{{fact|date=February 2010}} and is a shortened form of '[[constituent]] command." Reinhart herself thanks {{w|Nick Clements}} for suggesting both the term and its abbreviation. As discussed by {{w|Andrew Carnie}},<ref name="Carnie etym">{{quote-book |
- | |||
- | The definition of c-command is based partly on the relationship of ''dominance''. A node 'dominates' another node if it is above it in the tree (it is a parent, grandparent, etc.) | ||
- | |||
- | Using this definition of dominance, node ''A'' c-commands node ''B'' if and only if: | ||
- | *A does not dominate B | ||
- | *B does not dominate A | ||
- | *The first branching node that dominates A, also dominates B<ref name="c-command def Haegeman">{{cite book | ||
- | | last = Haegeman | ||
- | | first = Liliane | ||
- | | title = Introduction to Government and Binding Theory | ||
- | | page = 147 | ||
- | | edition = 2nd | ||
- | | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | ||
- | | location = Oxford | ||
- | | year = 1994 | ||
- | }}</ref><ref name="c-command def Carnie">{{cite book | ||
- | | last = Carnie | ||
- | | first = Andrew | ||
- | | title = Syntax: A Generative Introduction | ||
- | | page = 75 | ||
- | | edition = 1st | ||
- | | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | ||
- | | location = Oxford | ||
- | | year = 2002 | ||
- | }}</ref> | ||
- | |||
- | For example, according to this definition, in the tree at the right, | ||
- | * ''M'' '''does not''' c-command any node because it dominates all other nodes. | ||
- | * ''A'' c-commands ''B'', ''C'', ''D'', ''E'', ''F'', and ''G''. | ||
- | * ''B'' c-commands ''A''. | ||
- | * ''C'' c-commands ''D'', ''F'', and ''G''. | ||
- | * ''D'' c-commands ''C'' and ''E''. | ||
- | * ''E'' c-commands ''D'', ''F'' and ''G''. | ||
- | * ''F'' c-commands ''G''. | ||
- | * ''G'' c-commands ''F''. | ||
- | |||
- | ==Etymology== | ||
- | The term "c-command" was introduced by {{w|Tanya Reinhart}} in her 1976 [[MIT]] dissertation (p. 32),{{fact|date=February 2010}} and is a shortened form of "[[constituent]] command." Reinhart herself thanks {{w|Nick Clements}} for suggesting both the term and its abbreviation. As discussed by {{w|Andrew Carnie}},<ref name="Carnie etym">{{quote-book | ||
| last = Carnie | | last = Carnie | ||
| first = Andrew | | first = Andrew | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
- | ==C-command and the first branching node== | + | ===Noun=== |
+ | {{en-noun|-}} | ||
- | The above definition specified that the domain of c-command is the first ''branching'' node that dominates A. This relationship is sometimes known as ''strict c-command''.<ref name="Haegeman strict">{{cite book | + | # {{context|syntax}} The relationship between a node in a [[parse tree]] and its [[sibling]] [[node]]s (usually meaning the children of the first [[branch]]ing node that [[dominate]]s the node<ref name="Haegeman strict">{{quote-book |
- | | last = Haegeman | + | | author = Liliane Haegeman |
- | | first = Liliane | ||
| title = Introduction to Government and Binding Theory | | title = Introduction to Government and Binding Theory | ||
| page = 137 | | page = 137 | ||
Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
| location = Oxford | | location = Oxford | ||
| year = 1994 | | year = 1994 | ||
- | }}</ref> Without this specification, c-command would be limited to cases in which the first node of any sort dominating A also dominates B. The following tree illustrates how these two accounts differ in their result. If all nodes are considered, then ''A'' does not c-command any other nodes, because ''B'' dominates it and does not dominate any other nodes; if only branching nodes are considered, then ''B'' is irrelevant in evaluating the third criterion, and ''A'' does c-command ''D'', ''E'', and ''F''. | + | }}</ref>) and all their [[child]]ren. |
- | :[[File:C-command 02.png]] | ||
- | ==See also== | + | ===References=== |
- | *[[m-command]] | ||
- | |||
- | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
* Harris, C. L. and Bates, E. A. (2002) 'Clausal backgrounding and pronominal reference: A functionalist approach to c-command'. ''Language and Cognitive Processes'' '''17(3)''':237-269. | * Harris, C. L. and Bates, E. A. (2002) 'Clausal backgrounding and pronominal reference: A functionalist approach to c-command'. ''Language and Cognitive Processes'' '''17(3)''':237-269. | ||
* ''Contemporary Linguistics'' by William O'Grady, Michael Dobrovolsky, and Mark Aronoff. Bedford/St. Martin's. 1997 (third edition). | * ''Contemporary Linguistics'' by William O'Grady, Michael Dobrovolsky, and Mark Aronoff. Bedford/St. Martin's. 1997 (third edition). | ||
* Reinhart, Tanya M. (1976). ''The Syntactic Domain of Anaphora''. (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). (Available online at http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/16400). | * Reinhart, Tanya M. (1976). ''The Syntactic Domain of Anaphora''. (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). (Available online at http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/16400). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===See also=== | ||
+ | * [[m-command]] | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
+ | * {{pedia}} | ||
* [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_1999/ling550/ch1.html c-command and pronouns] | * [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_1999/ling550/ch1.html c-command and pronouns] | ||
* [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook/box-nodes.html Node relations], University of Pennsylvania | * [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook/box-nodes.html Node relations], University of Pennsylvania |